Blog 11 : Cell Poem

Hello Cells

I just wanted to thank you for functioning me!

And I think you should thank those who functioned you as well!

You should thank the cell wall for protection,

cell memebrane for regulating movements of water, nutrition, and waste into and out of the cell,

the nucleus for controlling cells avtivities,

ribosomes for synthesizing proteins,

mitochondria for being the site of aerobic cellular respiration releasing energy,

lysosome for helping you break down large food moelecules and digestion of old cell parts,

chloroplast which allows plant to obtain energy from sunlight and releases Oxygen.

I hope after you thank them you will feel like how i feel about you

thankful and appreciative



Blog 10 : Benefitial Bacteria

Staphylococcus Epidermidis Bacteria

This bacteria is one of the beneficial bacteria. It is one of the normal microbial flora of the skin and being on the skin provides important defense against harmful bacteria. There are approximately 10,000 to 100,000 Staphylococcus epidermidis on each square centimeter of skin. Some of them are on the outermost layer of the skin, while others are in the hair follicles and will travel to the outer skin layer after people wash their hands. This bacteria is also found in the mucous membranes of the throat.



Lactobacilli Bacteria

Lactobacilli is a friendly bacteria found in the digestive tract. These bacteria got their name (lacto) because they are able to form lactic acid. They play a role in producing fermented foods, fermented milk, yogurt, and cheeses. They are referred to “probiotic” since they are positive or supportive microorganisms. This bacteria inhabits the vagina and makes it stop being acidic. When reached puberty many Lactobacilli are now in the vagina so it becomes acidic again. The acidic created by the Lactobacilli bacteria protects the vagina from being harmed by microorganisms.

Lactobacillus rhamnosis

Found in natural milk products like organic yogurt and beneficial to overall health, it has been used as a nutritional supplement and can be bought over-the-counter. It is naturally found in the human digestive tract and helps to maintain health by releasing lactic acid. Lactic acid lowers a person's pH, so that harmful bacteria are kept under control.  It also helps destroy harmful bacteria and helps the absorption of minerals by helping lactose digestion. It also causes the body to make natural antibiotic substances to fight disease, increases  resistance to viral infections and prevents diarrhea.







Blog 9 : Cellular Metabolism Wordle

http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/4710584/cellular_metabolism

Cellular metabolism are chemical processes that allows organism to respond to the environment, extrac get energy, grow, reproduce and maintain itself. It is grouped into catabolic processes that are involved with energyextraction, and anabolic processes, which involve the use of energy for growth and tissue repair. Atp is used as an barrier of chemical energy and has three phosphate graoups attached and can be broken down by hyddrolysis to release energy and are added in a covalent bond during respiration. ATP is used to drive active transport, and other chemical reactions such as photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. Plants depend on photosynthesis to obtain energy and chlorophyll to carry out the process. It contains two steps, photosystem which Atp is produced which will turn carbon dioxide into glucose, and the Calvin cycle which fixes carbon molecules from carbon dioxide into glucose without light. Overall process: 6CO₂ + 12H₂O + sunlight -> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6H₂O + 6O_2. O₂ is released as a byproduct. Cells use Atp for energy gets it from cellular respiration in three stages: Step 1 is where food breaks down into sugar, lipid, and amino acids, Step 2 is where molecules from stage 1 is turned into a intermediate product, and Step 3 is where food is turned into ATP. When oxygen is not available cells go through fermentation produce energy.

Blog 8 : Bacteria vs. Virus vs. Protist

Bacteria are considered organisms and are made up of one cell. They do not have a nuclear envelopeand  membrane bound organelles. It has circular chromosomes and are diverse in the molecules they use for food/ habitats they occupy. They can be found at the bottom of the ocean, in boiling hot springs, and maybe even on other planets. Bacteria reproduce asexually. And when mutations are not an issue and no genetic material has been transferred from other bacteria or viruses, the daughter cells will be identical to the parent.



Viruses are not cells and are not made up of cells so they are not considered organisms. They are agents/particles that cannot make their own ATP/ carbon-containing compounds, so they rely on cells for energy and replication. Viruses are considered parasites because without other organisms viruses would just exist and would not be reproducing or catalyzing molecules. They have genome, so it is not determined iif it is alive or not. There are a lot more viruses in the world than any type of organism.

Protists do have a nuclear envelope and organelles. Their cytoskeleton gives them structure. It is common for protists to sexually reproduce but its not always. They undergo cell division through mitosis. Protists have DNA within their nucleus that is made with many parts with proteins called histones. Protists can be made up of several cells and are larger than bacteria. Due to their membrane bound organelles, each cell can specialize in a task. They can be parasitic, predatory or even photosynthetic in nature. They live in moist area.

Blog 7 : Bacterial Transformation and Transduction

In bacterial transformation and transduction, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer was the inventor who discovered bacteria transformation and transduction and was even rewarded the 1996 Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention and Innovation. It all started with a collaboration in Hawaii in 1972 and the conference's topic was bacterial plasmids which are circular segments of DNA thatis a  permenant source the cells carrying them with antibiotic resistance and other medical benefits. Boyer's lab recently isolated an enzyme that could be used to cut strings of DNA into precise and "cohesive" segments to carry the code for a pre-determined protein and be attached to other strands of DNA. Cohen developed a method to introduce antibiotic-carrying plasmids into certain bacteria and isolating/ cloning genes carried by plasmids. Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer put their resources together resulting with Boyer's enzyme would allow Cohen to introduce specific DNA segments to plasmids and to use those plasmids as a vehicle for cloning precise, previously targeted strands of DNA. In four months,  their labs had succeeded in cloning predetermined patterns of DNA.

Blog Cells shape, radius, villi, dimples, size to have highest rate of diffusion

Villi % of Cell Surface Area: 50

Radius: 1x
Cell Shape:10:1
# of Dimples: 0
Dimple % of Cell Surface Area: 10
Highest Rate of Diffusion: 4.64(r)

Blog 6 Photosynthesis compared to Cellular Respiration

The formula for photosynthesis and cellular respiration is shown below. The formula basicly explains what what happens in the process.
Photosynthesis:
6CO₂(6 carbon dioxide molecules) + 6H₂O(6 water chemicals + energy
--> 6O₂(6 oxygen) + C₆H₁₂O₆(sugar)

Cellular Respiration (the reverse reaction):
6O₂(6 oxygen) + C₆H₁₂O₆(sugar)
--> 6H₂O(6 water) + 6CO₂(6 carbon dioxide) + energy

Photosynthesis ProcessPhotosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place in the presence of sunlight, where in plants make their food and build stores of energy. This occurs in chlorophyll containing plant cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in plant leaves that gives plants their green color. Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy and utilizes it to produce carbohydrates (sugars) from carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O). This chemical reaction produces oxygen which is released into the atmosphere.

Cellular RespirationCellular respiration is the process of oxidizing food molecules or breaking down chemical bonds of glucose into carbon dioxide and water. The energy released during the process is trapped in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) and used by different energy consuming activities of the cell. In other words, it's a set of the metabolic reactions that occur in the mitochondria of the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, and release byproducts. The complete breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water involves two major steps: glycolysis and aerobic respiration.

Differences :
-Photosynthesis is where plants use sunlight to make food and cellular respiration uses plants or other living organism to convert food into energy.
-Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts and cellular respiration takes place inside the mitochondria.
-Photosynthesis requires energy to produce glucose and cellular respiration uses the glucose produced from photosynthesis to make energy (ATP).
-Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide, water and sunlight from the atmosphere to create sugar and releases oxygen back into the air and cellular repiration combines sugars with oxygen, releases the energy as ATP and carbon dioxide and water as by products.
-Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria and cellular respiration occurs in all living organisms.

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/photsyn1.htm