Saturday, June 2, 2012
Genome BOW 2: Stress
Chromosome 10 also known as stress genome has many past history of plagues all over it. Eating well, sleep well, and avoiding stress is a way to keep immune system in a healthy condition. Short term stressors cause an immediate increase in epinephrine and nonrepinephrine (means the hormones that make the heart beat feet and makes the feet cold). Cortisol makes you more affected to disease because in white blood cells cortisol turns on TCF to makes its own proteins when its job is to suppress another protein. Because cortisol hold back the immune alertness of the white blood calls it makes people more vulnerable to diseases. The effect of stress lowers immune survellance of doormat infections, which means stress can a factor for cause of disease. So whenever you are stressed by a life event it makes you easily attacked by cancer and diseases. For example: wheever an animal raise its testoronelevel to fight its enemies for mates it becomes more vulnerable to infections.
Thursday, February 16, 2012
Genome BOW 1: Intelligence
A gene for intelligence was found in the end of 1977 by a scientist. There is no correct definition of intelligence. It is factors of thinking speed, reasoning ability, memory, vocabulary, mental arithmetic,mental energy. Accoding to Robert Sternberg there are three intelligence that are analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical are people that needs to have the information needed to solve them and have only one right answer and have no intrinsic interest like a school exam. Practical is when you recognize and formulate the problem itself, they are poorly defined, lack relevant information and may not have a single answer but spring directly out of life everyday. It is known that schools and the IQ tests concentrate on analytic and problems. IQ test are unfair because it only focus on certain kinds of minds. IQ stays constant at different ages, ages six and eighteen will have your intelligence increase fast but your IQ of your peers will change a bit. IQ scores similar with school test results. High IQ children are often to absorb more things that are taught in school. People with high IQ's are said to have more symmetrical bodies ( a measure of how much stress the body was under when developing, stress from infections, toxins, and poor nutrients) had fewer developmental stress in womb or were more resistant to stress during it in a womb.
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Extra Credit Blog
Extra Credit Blog:
What topics really confused you?
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
What topics do you feel very clear on?
cells
What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?
Leaf
What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?
If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?
The labs online because it is confusing sometimes.
What topics really confused you?
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
What topics do you feel very clear on?
cells
What lab/ activity was your favorite? Why?
Leaf
What lab/activity was your least favorite? Why?
If you could change something about the class to make it better, for instance the type of homework (not the amount) what would it be and why?
The labs online because it is confusing sometimes.
Saturday, January 21, 2012
Blog 17 : Plant division examples
Charophyceans: algae
In the water, algae were supported. Every cell had contact with the ocean, which brought water and nourishment that could be absorbed through the cell wall. Reproduction was simple: algae released their eggs and sperm cells into the water where they could meet and form tough little capsules called zoospores. On land, all this changed. Algae cast up on the sea shore or trapped in evaporating ponds were subjected to drying winds and often to large temperature swings. At first they probably just died, but over millions of years a few algae were able to resist short periods of dryness and live on. These became the ancestors of our land plants.
In the water, algae were supported. Every cell had contact with the ocean, which brought water and nourishment that could be absorbed through the cell wall. Reproduction was simple: algae released their eggs and sperm cells into the water where they could meet and form tough little capsules called zoospores. On land, all this changed. Algae cast up on the sea shore or trapped in evaporating ponds were subjected to drying winds and often to large temperature swings. At first they probably just died, but over millions of years a few algae were able to resist short periods of dryness and live on. These became the ancestors of our land plants.
Bryophytes: mosses
They form low mats, and the little plants, grouped tightly together, can absorb water like sponges. They do not have roots, although a cell at the bottom of each sprig forms a rhizoid that clings to rocks and other surfaces. Mosses do not have vascular structures (tubes like our veins for moving fluids around inside themselves) , but they do have an effective method of reproduction called alternation of generations. This method protects and nurtures the vulnerable zygote. A zygote is the new cell that is produced by the union of the genetic material from two parents. It is the cell from which a new and unique organism will grow. Mosses found a way to keep the zygote moist and alive. The zygote grows into a structure that makes spores, and the tiny spores float away in the air.
They form low mats, and the little plants, grouped tightly together, can absorb water like sponges. They do not have roots, although a cell at the bottom of each sprig forms a rhizoid that clings to rocks and other surfaces. Mosses do not have vascular structures (tubes like our veins for moving fluids around inside themselves) , but they do have an effective method of reproduction called alternation of generations. This method protects and nurtures the vulnerable zygote. A zygote is the new cell that is produced by the union of the genetic material from two parents. It is the cell from which a new and unique organism will grow. Mosses found a way to keep the zygote moist and alive. The zygote grows into a structure that makes spores, and the tiny spores float away in the air.
Pteridophytes: Ferns
Ferns are the plants that developed vascular systems. Some ferns still have rhizoids, but they also have roots. This makes it possible for ferns to grow into large plants. Ferns do not have true seeds. They reproduce by alternation of generations. When you turn fern fronds over, you can often see little dots on the underside. These dots are groups of spores. When the dots are brown, the spores are getting ripe and will soon be released from the plant. Spores are tiny, and will float away in the air. Some of them will come down in a new place that is favorable for fern growth.
Ferns are the plants that developed vascular systems. Some ferns still have rhizoids, but they also have roots. This makes it possible for ferns to grow into large plants. Ferns do not have true seeds. They reproduce by alternation of generations. When you turn fern fronds over, you can often see little dots on the underside. These dots are groups of spores. When the dots are brown, the spores are getting ripe and will soon be released from the plant. Spores are tiny, and will float away in the air. Some of them will come down in a new place that is favorable for fern growth.
Gymnosperms: naked seed
The first seed-bearing plants are called gymnosperms. Gymnosperm means "naked seed" because these seeds have only a dry, thin covering instead of a sturdy protective seed coat.One important change was the development of pollen to replace the swimming sperm. Pollen could float on the wind and was not damaged by the dry air. The plants made pollen cones (see picture above) which made only pollen and small, tough woody cones in which the female half of the process could be protected. (See picture with blue-green cones here.) The pollen fell on these woody cones and grew tubes down to find the ovules (eggs). After the eggs were fertilized, they developed and matured in the cone. The seed that resulted could survive drought in a dormant state. It could wait for a favorable season to begin its growth. It had a package of food to draw on when it germinated. These seeds were well adapted to the land.
The first seed-bearing plants are called gymnosperms. Gymnosperm means "naked seed" because these seeds have only a dry, thin covering instead of a sturdy protective seed coat.One important change was the development of pollen to replace the swimming sperm. Pollen could float on the wind and was not damaged by the dry air. The plants made pollen cones (see picture above) which made only pollen and small, tough woody cones in which the female half of the process could be protected. (See picture with blue-green cones here.) The pollen fell on these woody cones and grew tubes down to find the ovules (eggs). After the eggs were fertilized, they developed and matured in the cone. The seed that resulted could survive drought in a dormant state. It could wait for a favorable season to begin its growth. It had a package of food to draw on when it germinated. These seeds were well adapted to the land.
Angiosperms: flowering seed
About a hundred and thirty million years ago, a new kind of plant appeared. This plant developed two innovations. First, the new plants produced flowers. Flowers allowed the plants to form partnerships with insects, and insects, in exchange for pollen and nectar, greatly increased the efficiency of the plants' pollination.Second, the parent plant provided a protective covering for the seed. Sometimes this covering took the form of a burr or a fruit, which improved the dispersal of the seeds to other places.
About a hundred and thirty million years ago, a new kind of plant appeared. This plant developed two innovations. First, the new plants produced flowers. Flowers allowed the plants to form partnerships with insects, and insects, in exchange for pollen and nectar, greatly increased the efficiency of the plants' pollination.Second, the parent plant provided a protective covering for the seed. Sometimes this covering took the form of a burr or a fruit, which improved the dispersal of the seeds to other places.
Blog 16 : Beak/ Time, Love, Memory
Three key ideas from Time, Love, Memory:
1. A story about a study by Alfred Sturtevant, who was a student of Morgans in 1911. It all started when Morgan postulated the arms of chromosomes crossing over and exchanging the same sections of DNA. When Sturtevant found out what Morgan did he collected the laboratorys report on the breeding of animals with different forms of gened on the same chromosome and based on the probablity of two genes moving together and figured out the order of the genes and their relative distances on the chromosome. This first genetic map stayed as an important construct of gnomics and was understood in a single night by Sturtevant at the age of 19.
2. The experiment by Thomas Hunt Morgan to see if the fly has genes for eye color on the x chromosome He knew that if the mother gives an X chromosome with a gene for white eyes and the father also gives X chromosome then they will have white eyes. But if either of her parents gives her an X chromosome then they will have red eye because red eyes are dominant in flies. He injected acid based with salt, sugar and alcohol into flies. It resulted with the next and next and the ongoing generations after to have the genes in flies. The red and white flies ended up with 1,237 red flies with an white eye in every two red eyes.
3. A test tubed experiment modeled after a laboratory routine where chemist use a trick to separate two compounds that were mixed together done by Benzer. He assumed that most flies liked lights and wanted flies to sort themselves into two or ore or less pure set of particles : light and or dark lovers and after he would look for the genes that made the difference. The experiment was called T4r2. He used milk bottles and placed a dozen of flies in each of the two with one with light and one with no light (dark). It resulted with 7/8 of the flies in the light milk bottle and 1/8 of the flies in the milk bottle with no light.
1. A story about a study by Alfred Sturtevant, who was a student of Morgans in 1911. It all started when Morgan postulated the arms of chromosomes crossing over and exchanging the same sections of DNA. When Sturtevant found out what Morgan did he collected the laboratorys report on the breeding of animals with different forms of gened on the same chromosome and based on the probablity of two genes moving together and figured out the order of the genes and their relative distances on the chromosome. This first genetic map stayed as an important construct of gnomics and was understood in a single night by Sturtevant at the age of 19.
2. The experiment by Thomas Hunt Morgan to see if the fly has genes for eye color on the x chromosome He knew that if the mother gives an X chromosome with a gene for white eyes and the father also gives X chromosome then they will have white eyes. But if either of her parents gives her an X chromosome then they will have red eye because red eyes are dominant in flies. He injected acid based with salt, sugar and alcohol into flies. It resulted with the next and next and the ongoing generations after to have the genes in flies. The red and white flies ended up with 1,237 red flies with an white eye in every two red eyes.
3. A test tubed experiment modeled after a laboratory routine where chemist use a trick to separate two compounds that were mixed together done by Benzer. He assumed that most flies liked lights and wanted flies to sort themselves into two or ore or less pure set of particles : light and or dark lovers and after he would look for the genes that made the difference. The experiment was called T4r2. He used milk bottles and placed a dozen of flies in each of the two with one with light and one with no light (dark). It resulted with 7/8 of the flies in the light milk bottle and 1/8 of the flies in the milk bottle with no light.
Blog 15 : Lives of a Cell
This article is about the author explaining his thoughts that the universe including Earth and human beings and everything are just like a single cell. I agree with him. He states that humans are "shared, rented, occupied, meaning that the interior of our cells drives them providing the oxidative energy that send us out for improvements". And that mitochondria are not ours but little creatures. I agree that since mitochondrias have maintained themselves and their ways, replicating in their own fashion privately, which makes their own dna and rna different than humans. My desicion to agree with his side was because he exmplained how we all "derived originally from some single cell which fertilized in a bolt of lighting as the Earth cooled. We share genes around and the resemblies of the ensymes of grasses to those of whales is a family resemblance". Since Earth is too big and complex with too many working parts lacking visible connection makes it not like an organism but like a single cell.
Blog 14 : Cell Wordle
http://www.wordle.net/show/wrdl/4710664/cells
All prokaryotes and eukaryotes contains cells which are different in size and complexity. Prokaryotes (and bacteria/archae) does not contain a nuclei or other membrane enclosed organelles. All other organisms have eukaryotic cells with membrane enclosed nuclieand other membraneous organelles in the cytoplasm. Plant and animal cells have most of the same organelles. Free ribosomes in the cytosol and bound ribosomes on the outside of ER and the nuclear envelope synthesize proteins. Stacks of separate cisternate make up the golgo which recieves secretory proteins from ER transport vesicles, they are sorted, and changed. Lysosomes are membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes which breaks down cell macromolecule. A plants cell vacuole functions in storage, waste disposla, cell growth and protection. Mitochondria which is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryotes have an outer/inner membrane folded into criastae. Chloroplast contains chlorphyll that functions in photosynthesis. Plant walls are composed of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysacharrides and proteins. Water flows across a membrane from the side where solute is less concentrated (hypotonic) to the side where solute is more concentrated (hypertonic). If the concentrations are equal (isotonic) no osmosis will occur. In exocytosis, transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release. In endocytosis, large molecules enter cells with vesicles pinched inward from the plasma membrane. Animal cells signal nearby cells secreting local regulators or nerve cells by secreting neurotransmitters at synapses. Both animal and plant cells use hormones for signaling over long distances. CElls can communicate by direct contact. Three stages of cell signaling: The signal molecule epinephrine binds to receptors on a cells surface which is reception, leading to a series of changes in the receptor and other molecules inside the cell which is transduction and finally to the activation of an enzyme that breaks down glycogen.
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